Dessalines, scarred from slavery, was a fierce leader dedicated to independence. He had a deep respect for women, derived from being raised and taught battlefield skills by his adopted Aunt Toya, though of no blood relation. His methods were controversial, albeit extremely effective. It enabled him to cement the foundation of a free nation. However, his legacy was tainted by his ruthlessness and his reign ended with an assassin's bullet. He did not have the advantage of education and worked the harsh conditions of the sugar cane fields, facing corporal punishment regularly. Despite rising to commodore, a slave driver himself, he harbored a deep hatred for slave owners which motivated many atrocities.